I was asked about baseball the other day and why there aren’t runs being scored. My answer to that is that the pitching is the absolute best the sport has ever had. Of course, then I hear about Perdro Martinez, Greg Maddux, Tom Glavine, and so on. So I set out to explain why pitching today is better and that if those pitchers were just dropped into the game today, they would get hit!
Let’s start with this. Velocity. Not just peak velocity but the average velocity. The average fastball is thrown at 95+ mph today. The slider is thrown at over 90+ and the sinker is thrown at the same velocity as the fastball. In 2008, the average was 90.47 mph with only 4.82% of all pitches thrown over 95+! It is not the peak year for Pedro Martinez but in the 2008-2009 seasons, he threw a fastball that averaged 88-89 mph! The trouble is, I can’t go back to get data for him as this is a new form of data mining since those days. At one time, I do know Pedro hit 95-98 early in his career. A bit unfair here but more unfairness is on the way!
Greg Maddux hit 93 mph in his early seasons but was more around 87-91mph. He was a location pitcher relying on command and deception to get outs. Tom Glavine threw 82-85 mph in 2007-2008! He, like Maddux, is a location pitcher. Even the great Bob Gibson threw 90-92 and topped out at 95.
A little bit of science here as to why velocity matters. On a typical pitch, you have .4 seconds. You’ll use the first .2 seconds to determine if you’re going to swing, then the next .2 seconds to execute. In relation, it takes 0.1 -0.5 seconds to blink your eye! The moral of this story is simple. The more velocity the less time to identify and react to hit execute a swing to hit the ball. Understand that a batter has to visualize where he thinks the ball is going to be and swing at that spot. However, in today’s game, the ball moves more than it ever has before thus when the batter makes his decision, the ball isn’t always where he thought it would be. You see spin rates have changed the game. Sure velocity makes things hard, but a person could get the timing down and make solid contact if the ball was in the same place all the time.
The chart below shows the horizontal movement of pitches thrown by Zack Wheeler. The colors are representative of the different types of pitches he throws. The numbers on the left represent the number of inches his ball moves horizontally. I noticed a couple of things real quick. His sinker moves 18.1 inches. For perspective, the home plate is 17 inches wide! His change-up moves 15 inches, and his fastball moves 10.9 inches. It is interesting because most think all of those pitches are straight.
What is even more telling is that the pitches don’t just move horizontally. They also move vertically. They either rise or drop. The chart below shows his pitches in that format. His curveball dropped over 2 inches and his cutter rose over 2 inches!
So we get the idea now that pitches are thrown at extreme velocities, with extreme movements. The MLB batting average for 2024 is .239. It takes 2.2 hits to score one run. If we go by that philosophy, an offense will need to string together 2 hits plus either a walk or a third hit to score a run. It doesn’t seem a likely strategy. In the game today, we don’t even use batting average as the stat to define batter success. We use wOBA (weighted on-base percentage). The next chart shows how velocity affects the success rate of wOBA.
On the right-hand side, we see the velocity brackets defined to colored lines. Think of wOBA success like a batting average where .300 is good, but .325 is good for wOBA. Both the grey and orange lines are above .330 wOBA so that is excellent. The velocity on those pitches is 90-92mph orange and 92-94mph grey. Remember, that in 2008, the average pitch was thrown at 90.47 mph. It means the pitchers from that era, will get crushed by today’s hitters. Today’s hitters are so good, that even pitches thrown at 94-96mph equate to a good wOBA outcome! It’s when the velocity goes above that! At between 96-98mph, we get a below-acceptable return and a horrid return on anything above 98mph. A major league pitcher today throws 94-97 regularly. Their pitches move all over the place. It is not easy to get the hits required to score runs, so the philosophy has changed.
It is no longer a get them, get over, get them in style of offense. It has become a league where each batter takes violent but purposeful swings. Watch them take their swings. Unless they are completely fooled, they swing violently at the ball. The hitters are trying to damage when they make contact. They already know there is less contact to be made so when it happens, the goal is for the ball to be hit somewhere a long way. They are using their tools as well. they are trying to get the proper launch angle for the ball to go off their bats. If it has the right trajectory and exit velocity, it has an increased possibility of becoming a hard hit or home run somewhere. The more hard hits, the more damaging hits like extra-base hits, which then require less stringing together of hits to make runs. This style of offense equates the base on balls as extremely valuable. If a guy is on base because the pitcher put him there, there there is a greater chance to score because three hits are not needed (only two). In the game today, 40% of all the runs scored come from home runs!
The pitcher has a stat named FIP (Fielding Independent Pitching). It is shown like an ERA but only is concerned with three outcomes. It calculates strikeouts, walks, and home runs, which are the 3 True Outcomes. If a pitcher has an acceptable FIP, he is controlling the game from the mound because the hitters are up there trying to walk or hit homers.
In the end, it is always good to reminisce about the old days of the game and the dominant players of that time. However, make no mistake. If those players were dropped into today’s game, only a handful of them would be able to play, I highly doubt that many would be the superstar that we recall them to be. The players today are the best to have ever played the sport. The hitters are better than those of the past as well. Can you imagine these unathletic guys who swung 40-ounce bates trying to hit today’s pitchers? The pitchers from those eras would be like spot starters. They didn’t throw hard enough to get it by the batters of today nor did the movement of that era come close to what it is today. It is a different game, but it has to be. The players are too good and must approach the game in a different way to be successful.